【诗学】：请助校对

田牧

 
<p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">【诗学】关于诗歌的学问，或者说，以诗歌为对象的学科领域，叫做诗学。在中国，由于诗的含义有好几个层次，相应地，诗学所指的范围，也有广狭之不同。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">当</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">作为一个专名，是指《诗经》的时候，</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">即相当于诗经学。中国的诗学起源甚早，如果从孔子论《诗》算起，那么几乎可以说，中国诗学就是从诗经学开始的。关于《诗经》，汉代有四家诗，魏晋以后，鲁诗、齐诗、韩诗相继衰亡，而毛亨、毛苌所传的古文《诗》独盛，</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">毛诗</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">几成《诗经》的代称，毛诗学也就相当于诗经学。虽然毛诗学本身足以构成一个不小的体系，但这仍然是诗学最狭的一种含义，它所研究的范围，只是整个中国诗学的一方面。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">《诗经》、《楚辞》这样的诗歌总集，乐府、歌谣、民谚等诗歌类型，在中国传统学术史中都已形成专门学问，它们既可以单称</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗经学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">楚辞学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">乐府学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">歌谣学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">民谚学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">，同时也是整个中国诗学的组成部分。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">包括上述诸种专学在内的中国诗学，其研究范围主要有以下几个方面</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">一、有关诗歌的基本理论和诗学基本范畴。前者如诗产生的原因、诗的性质、特征、功能、价值、作用、地位、风格、流派、以及诗与其他文学样式</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">体裁</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">和艺术门类</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">如音乐、歌舞、美术等</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">的关系等</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">后者如六义、四始、比兴、美刺、言志、缘情、才性、识力、风骨、气韵、意象、境界、兴寄、载道、形神、虚实、复古、通变，以及状写各种诗风、诗境的专门术语之类</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">二、有关诗歌形式和创作技巧的问题。诸如对于各种诗歌体制的辨析，对于各种诗体的渊源流变、相互因革、承继发展关系的考察，以及所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗法</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">的研究。诗法又可按构成诗的元素，分为字法、句法、章法、用韵、用典、对仗等方面，总结艺术规律、树立美学标准，传授创作经验，提出避忌原则</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">三、对于中国历代诗歌源流，或曰历代诗歌史的研究。这里包括起源、分期、流派的兴衰起伏、理论的流变脉络、代表性的作家作品以及对于发展规律的描述，不同时地作家作品的比较，等等</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">四、对于历代诗歌总集、选集、别集或某一具体作品的研究。研究的方式包括搜集整理、辑逸辨伪、注释笺解、批评校点以及在一定理论指导下的鉴赏分析等等</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">五、对于历代诗人及由众多诗人所组成的创作群体的研究。包括诗人家世的追索、谱系的排列、生平的考订、逸事的搜采、交游的探寻、创作师承和影响的评析、创作成就和诗坛地位的估价，以及某一流派群体创作活动状况的考察、风格特征的论述与在文学史上的评价等等</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">六、对于历代诗歌理论的整理和研究。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">中国诗学著作形式多样，它不仅表现为专书，还大量散见于一般的文献之中，举凡经、史、子、集，各体文章，都可有所涉及。比较常见的，如历代学者对经书的疏注讲解，历代史书的《文苑传》、《文学传》及其论赞，孔、孟、庄、荀、韩非等先秦诸子和后代多种子书中的有关论述，以及历朝章表、奏议、书札、序文、碑铭、墓志，乃至私家杂传、野史笔记等等。诗学专著专文，较早而有代表性的，如传为汉人卫宏所作的《诗大序》、魏文帝曹丕的《典论·论文》、晋人陆机的《文赋》、南朝梁人刘勰的《文心雕龙》、钟嵘的《诗品》、唐释皎然的《诗式》、留唐日本僧人遍照金刚编撰的《文镜秘府论》、唐末孟棨的《本事诗》等。宋人欧阳修写了第一部谈诗的随笔《六一诗话》，开创了“诗话”这一门论诗的文学批评体裁，宋代遂成为诗话最繁荣的朝代，除个人所著的单本诗话外，还出现了总集性质的诗话，如阮阅的《诗话总龟》和胡仔的《苕溪渔隐丛话》。宋以后，特别是清代，诗话的数量更多，对诗话的研究有所加强，并出现了诗话丛书，如《历代诗话》及其《续编》，近人所编的《清诗活》及其《续编》。诗话的内容，一般包括</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">辨句法、备古今、纪盛德、录异事、正讹误</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">等几个方面（《许彦周诗话》</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">，史学家章学诚在其《文史通义·诗话》中，将诗话分为</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">论诗及事</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">和</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">论诗及辞</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">两大类。《四库全书总目提要》诗文评类的序论，则对历代诗话的内容作出概括，谓其有</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">究文体之源流而评其工拙</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">第作者之甲乙而溯厥师承</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">备陈法律</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">旁采故实</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">体兼说部</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">等五类，大致上涵盖了中国诗学的主要方面。诗话有形制短小、论议自由的特点，缺点是比较缺乏系统性，理论展开也不易充分。诗学论文在这方面就优越得多，古代的诗学论文多见于书信和序跋，著名的如唐白居易的《与元九书》、韩愈的《答李翊书》、宋欧阳倍的《梅圣俞诗集序》、苏轼的《书黄子思诗集后》、杨万里的《江西宗派诗序》等。诗学著作也有以诗或图的形式出现的，如杜甫曾作《戏为六绝句》、元好问有《论诗绝句》、唐人张为则有《诗人主客图》。今人的诗学研究多以论文或专著为其成果的形式。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">上述种种诗学著作的研究范围，大致是以五、七言古近体为主的诗歌，后来以长短句为特色的词曲，虽说也可称为广义的诗，但对于它们的研究，在传统的学科分类中，一般不列人诗学，而是作为独立的学问——词学和曲学。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">由于在中国古典文学里，诗是最重要的一种文体，古人，不但总是将诗置于文学领域的首席地位，而且常有把诗等同于文学的倾向，所以他们对于诗的论述，特别是涉及其基本问题时，往往自觉不自觉地将整个文学甚至艺术都隐含在内。这样，古人的某些诗学理论，就因其较强的涵盖性和形而上学性，而在实际上带有了后来所谓的文学理论或艺术哲学的意味。在西方，所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">，也有广义狭义之别，其广义者也正是指一般文学理论而言。古希腊哲人亚里斯多德的《诗学》，就是一部系统的文学理论的开山之作。虽然中国诗学不乏广义</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">的内容，但这毕竟不是传统诗学的主要部分，所以本辞典所说的</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">和</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">诗学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">，仍以五、七言古近体诗</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">也包括四言为主的《诗经》、杂言的《楚辞》和乐府等</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? new="New">为主要对象，而不取广义的诗和诗学概念。</span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times new=" Roman?; New? AR-SA? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:><span style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: mso-bidi-font-family: AR-SA; new="New">诗学原是中国的传统学问，但随着文化的交流，中国诗学也不断地吸收外来的诗学理论和观念，然后加以改造与熔铸，最后使之成为中国诗学的有机组成部分。如隋唐以来佛教禅宗对中国诗学曾产生巨大影响，在中国诗学的审美价值体系中，禅宗的教义已化为血肉般地不可分割。十九世纪末，随着西学的东渐，西方哲学、文论和诗学传人中国，而马克思主义文艺观则影响尤为深刻。这一切使传统的中国诗学，和整个中国的各个方面几乎同步地进入了现代转型的艰难历程。</span></p>
<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: mso-bidi-font-family: AR-SA; new="New"></span>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times new=" Roman?? ?Times mso-hansi-font-family: Roman?; New? mso-bidi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-ansi-language: 1.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: mso-bidi-font-family: AR-SA; new="New">摘自《中国诗学大辞典》</span></p>

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这题目也很大,只能学习.

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<p>古典诗词的博大精华是短文章说不了的。</p>

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